What do you know about pearls and the cultivation?
What do you know and the cultivation of pearls? mmlakat-0ddee602c9.jpg
Pearl is divided into two types; pearl free (or natural) and cultured pearls. Consists of natural pearls often when entering a foreign body parasite, or a grain of sand to the texture Prince (Mantle) where this is surrounded by body tissue cellular material secreted by the pearl as a form of resistance.
The cultured pearls, it consists in the same way, but the main difference lies in the human intervention in the process of the size and shape of the body inside the tissues of the oyster, so to enter the nucleus of a round with a piece of tissue secreted pearl into the bowels of the clamshell, and called this method b (Graffting), where they grow piece of fabric and surround the nucleus, and then secretes pearly material that surround this nucleus.
The size and shape of cultured pearls, depends on the size and shape of the nucleus entered in the clamshell. Overall, the Pearl produces a large volume of two types of oysters are Pinctada margaritifera & Pinctada maxima, and who can enter Anouilh diameter exceeding 9 mm. Next to the size of the nucleus, the number of farmed and pearl layer thickness, determine the value of pearls. In the case of natural pearls, this nucleus is very small and the thickness of the layer pearl big, so we find that natural pearls equivalent of cultured pearls in size and color will be more valuable.
Pearl culture for up to seven years, but several factors limit this period, including theft, death by disease and predation.
Methods of extracting natural pearls are similar around the world, they use divers to collect thousands of pearl shells, hoping the presence of pearl inside. These divers often tie themselves heavily even rush the process of Ghoshm to the bottom so as not to waste their time or effort to go down. Then fill the basket as much as the diver can then graduated baskets by a sailor on the surface.
The Arabian Gulf, especially Bahrain, was one of the largest centers of natural pearls in the world, that hit the areas where shellfish contamination by pollution during the last Gulf War. But there are other important areas such as the Red Sea, the Gulf of Mannar in India and Sri Lanka, the Gulf of Sulu in the Philippines, and the west coast of Australia.
The most important producers of pearls and shells in the world:
1 - Japan
2 - Australia
3 - Indonesia
4 - India
5 - Sri Lanka
6 - Malaysia
7 - Thailand 8
- Mexico
9 - Sudan
10 - Philippines
11 - French Polowcatrella
12 - Field
13 - Cook Islands
14 - Korea
15 - Taiwan
16 - China
There is disagreement in the first Astzera pearls. The Chinese were sculpt statues Bouza, then placed between the shell and the Prince, and that in the twelfth century by using the shells of freshwater. But given the right to the Japanese invention of Dr. Nishikawa and Mise, but Micomoto Enter some improvements to this method and taking the right of the invention in 1919.
Japanese monopoly:
At the end of the nineteenth century, pearl oyster fishery began drying up, especially after the development of diving equipment. Reached the limit to output 300,000 chance to get one pearl ... even saved Micomoto these shells by farming.
Micomoto and put strict rules, until the Japanese monopoly markets pearls and so the following:
1 - regardless of where produce pearls in any way must be sold commercially in Japan.
2 - only for the Japanese to learn the right ways of pearl culture.
3 - given the Japanese experience only for projects run by foreign management and technical expertise Japanese.
Thus, Japan has become the largest market for the import and production of pearls in the world, and that means that any investor has the right to provide a suitable place for the cultivation of pearls, and technical expertise, as well as management tools and farming and nuclei come with the Japanese, and they have the right to use only, and do not have the right to others to use these devices . And also must be approved by the investor to sell all production of Japanese companies Otherwise, there is no post.
But for this monopoly benefits, including:
1 - the price of pearls in the world is high, and the Japanese were able to keep the monopoly of these high prices.
2 - Develop specific laws do not even exported abroad is only good pearls.
3 - Japan is the largest importer of pearls in the world. In 1988, Japan imported got away with $ 121 million of pearls. And this figure rose to 156 million dollars in 1989. This pearl imported from 33 countries in the world, but Australia was Polowctrella and French and Indonesia have the largest share, but most of this is pearl factory.
4 - On the other hand Japan is the largest country to export pearls.
In 1990 Japan exported amounted to 352 million dollars from the Pearl of them $ 101 million to the United States, 80 million dollars to Switzerland 0.64 million dollars to Hong Kong.
To 1988 the United States was the largest market for pearls in the world, but has now become Japan's largest consumer of Pearl where he consumed 60% of world production, and this trend was due to the growing wealth of the Japanese, and thus raise the prices of pearls until it became sold pearl small b 30-40% increase prices for the previous year 1991.
5 - Japan is the largest producer of pearl in the world, in 1988 Japan produced 71.6 tons of pearls, including 70 tons of salt water and 1.7 tons of fresh water. This production was estimated at 482 million USD, making the most cultured pearl farms in value and profit.
There were more than 2,000 farm Pearl in Japan, but in the twenty five years began to decrease this number by half, because of water pollution industrial waste, agricultural, and competition for water from fishermen and places Screens and entertainment, prompting farmers to increase the number of shells cultured per unit area adding to mortality or loss even arrived from 55-60% of the crop farmed in the area of Mae Mie, one of the most important areas of farming in Japan and this is what reduced the amount of pearl product.
In 1980, he found 5-10% of the crop Pearl has an economic value, or the value of marketing. To remedy this loss forced Japan to:
1 - Increased use of better farming techniques.
2 - investment outside Japan.
In terms of technology, in 1966 and led by Dr. Wada Wada Japan began moving scientifically to improve the production of pearls, and have found that the color of Ada Pearl determines the quality of a color or texture Prince cultured with the nucleus within the body of an organism. Since the more valuable the pearl white pearl yellow, for this, the results of Wada increased productivity of the value of Japanese pearl. That is why the Japanese began to realize the importance of science and high technology. This research began in most areas of farming, and the study of water quality and fish places, and the relationship of culture other organisms.
And now begun the process of regulating the quality of cultured organisms, in terms of the genetic traits of good object Muti texture and object farmed the fabric, as well as start to improve IVF to control these genetic traits, and for this, we find that most oysters are farmed in Japan produced in laboratories.
Of the most important research, those that use the shells are not of shells found in Japanese waters, like in Australia and parts of the Pacific warm, and I took advantage of the Japanese that research to engage in projects outside of Japan, but the question remains: Will the Japanese with the participation of other countries, the results of this research?
Until recently, the Japanese cultured pearl monopolize technology all over the world, and they have succeeded in it for their superiority in culture technology and their followers Mikimoto law in a non-participation in this technique. In a country that allows foreign investment, the Japanese were involved in the provision of farm technicians and nuclei and marketing as well as profits, and this country, such as; Thailand, Malaysia and Australia.
But in a country that does not allow foreign investment, such as the French islands Polowcatrella, they are involved in the provision of nuclei and expertise. But out of this monopoly, India and China, where the governments of this country have supported research cultured pearls.
1 Choose a site farm
In any farm was a farm site selection of the most important factors that must be observed and reconcile them in terms of economic and technological development.
And conciliation in an environment of natural sites for the presence of shells gives a clear picture of any places that can be exploited in breeding shells, and the most important factors that must be observed when selecting the site differences water currents, primary productivity, the amount of sediment and so on. So that we can produce the best types of pearls. Attention must be paid by salinity, temperature and currents of cold water as well as Red Tide Red tides and H2S and industrial pollution, so the sheltered bays is one of the best places to raise a pearl shells because they provide protection for the shells, as well as the floats and cages.
2 - Get Shells
In pearl farms gathering shells of live natural places or collect larvae from nature and breeding farms, and notes a difference in the yield of these neighborhoods from one year to another and collect the larvae by hand from the intertidal zone, in Japan gathered larvae by placing ropes or fiber plant cider pendant from buoys and so in the period of reproduction or the fall of the larval period. It can use the old nets or any similar surfaces to collect larvae.
3 - Education
The most suitable methods of rearing larvae of pearl shells are all Raft or comment by buoys or floating platforms in protected areas. The size of these platforms vary according to regions and farming in general, the platform of the 6 × 4 م be easy to industry and by four Mragel floats or buoys. And can be used after the oil drums painted fiberglass material to protect it from rust. And installation of these platforms by Mersatin belted by metal baskets.
Another method used is called Long-line where the buoys used a straight, conical linking together by ropes or chains and then drooping cages of these ropes. This method is used in open spaces (non-protected). Other methods may be used in many places the waves a hole near the detailed work of chance and coincidence of all attached to this hole by a rope tied in rope basic and this consequently pegged float.
4 - Farming on the bottom
In this method, the oysters are placed directly on the bottom and must provide appropriate such as the bottom of the rocky bottom and often used this method for the cultivation of mothers raising oysters or clams in order to benefit from the same accident and follow this method in the Philippines in pearl culture. It has been observed that in some areas that the growth of the shells in this way will be less of it in a manner to comment.
