The difference between rocks and minerals
((The difference between rocks and minerals))
The difference between rocks and minerals bluelaceagategemstones.jpg
• rock-solid substance composed of a group of minerals exist with each other as a mixture in which each metal retains its own properties.
• Most of the rock is made up of a group of metals is that some types of rocks consists of only one metal. Common examples of these rocks: limestone, which is composed of calcite only.
• can identify the characteristics of the rocks by knowing the chemical composition and internal arrangement of its constituent metals.
• Metal is a solid material formed in a non-natural organic, with a specific chemical composition and internal atomic arrangement has the characteristics that make the distinctive nature of the (physical) often has a distinctive crystalline form.
• minerals composed of elements. Some metals consists of only one element, such as gold and sulfur. But most metals consists of two or more elements combine to be fixed compound
• so that we can understand how it is union elements to form compounds (metals), we must address the corn
• Corn is the smallest part of the article and are involved in the interaction processes associated with the formation of all the elements
Corn
• Corn is the smallest part of the element
• Corn consists of a cloud of electrons orbiting a central core (kernel)
• consists of two parts corn presidents:
Kernel
Electrons
Kernel
• occupy the center of the corn kernel
• The nucleus contains all of:
Protons, particles with a positive charge (+)
Neutron particles devoid of electric charges
• determines the number of protons in the nucleus atomic number
• positive charges on the protons is equal (=) negative charges in electrons equals (=)
Electrons
• surround the nucleus and electrons orbiting around so quickly that you can not determine its location
• electrons carry a negative charge (-)
• spin of electrons around the nucleus in specific pathways known as casings.
• For each of these wrappers cover a certain level of energy being able to hold a maximum of electrons can not surpass depending on the relationship (2n2), where n is a number representing a character casing.
• Cover is organized in the first example Aketronan maximum.
• Do not move the electrons to the tracks or wrappers Top completed only when the lower tracks.
• contains most of the elements usually less than the maximum number of electrons in the external casings So all the atoms tend to supplement their tracks foreign to become chemically stable.
• more vulnerable to extract electrons are electrons in the outer tracks.
• called electrons that bind atoms together with the valence electrons .mthela Si4 + (four electrons equal), O2- (Aketronan equal).
Ions
• ion is an atom or group of atoms lost Atzanha electrode where the atoms are electrically neutral.
• If corn lost an electron (negative charge) from the outer casing will then contain corn on the increase in the positive charge and then you know Palaion positively charged (eg)
• If corn outer casing has gained an electron would then contain corn on the increase in negative charge and then you know Palaion negatively charged (eg)
Vehicles
• The vehicles concentrations of the elements resulting from a link to each other ions, such as composite water.
Interdependence
• chemical bonding happens when atoms combine two or more vehicles to be.
• When you combine atoms gain or lose or share electrons or more with one or more of the atoms produced from this process stronger electric atoms bind to each other.
• There are several types of ties that bind atoms together and are as follows:
Ionic bonding
Covalent
Metallic bonding
Association of van der Falls
Ionic bonding
• estimated activity of the chemical elements of the fullness of the outer shells valence electrons.
• If we take, for example, metal halite:
Containing sodium atom Na + equal to one electron in the outer shell and lost when converted to sodium ion atom positive
Contain chlorine atom equal to five electrons in the outer shell Cl and when the electron acquires elemental chlorine, which lost element sodium chlorine atom to turn negative ion Cl1-
Sodium ions are attracted to chlorine ions by electrostatic forces each consisting ionic bond.
Characterized by minerals associated with the Association of ionic several characteristics, including:
1. soluble in water solutions consisting conducts electricity.
2 medium to high hardness.
3 Average specific gravity.
4. melting moderate to high.
5. Association strong but brittle metals.
6. poor conductive heat and electricity.
7 Tracking Systems crystalline high regularity (cubic system).
Covalent
• consist tie when covalent share Oaunan exist near one another in a single electron or more between them.
• If we take, for example, we find that the chlorine atom has five electrons in the outer shell and need an extra one to reach steady-state.
• get chlorine atom on the electron when required share of the chlorine atoms adjacent in the same electron.
• As a result of this review Dhirta chlorine Association unite to be strong chlorine molecule.
• This is the Association of the strongest chemical bonds.
• characterized by minerals associated with the Association of covalent the following characteristics:
1. inability to melt in general.
2. Association is very strong.
3 degrees of melting is very high.
4. inability to electrical and thermal conductivity.
5. tracking systems less systematic than crystalline metals associated with ionic Association.
Metallic bonding
• There are some metals such as gold, copper and silver in the rocks as components free.
• Most metals have one or two or three electrons in the outer shell easily shareable with other atoms.
• metal atoms are linked with each other metallo Association.
• metal atoms are contiguous strongly the electrons of these atoms are cloud revolve around these atoms.
• Do not follow the electrons any specific nucleus but is free moves from the nucleus to the other then back to her again.
• surrounded by metallic bonding (cationic) a cloud of electrons (negative).
Featuring metallic minerals associated with the Association of the following characteristics:
1. vary bonding strength of the metal to last but the Association generally moderate.
2 medium-to-low hardness.
3 malleable and drag-and shear.
4. deliver good electrical and thermal conductivity and uneven.
5. insoluble.
6. varying degrees of melting.
7 Tracking Systems crystalline high regularity.
Association of van der Falls
• sometimes appears in some of the molecules of elements such as chlorine (Cl2) concentration is simple for a fraction of the positive charge (+) and the other is negative (-) on both ends of the molecule, resulting in forces of attraction is very weak between the parties with opposite charges (+ with -) for those molecules and linked by together.
• characterized by the Association of van der Falls the following characteristics:
1. Association weak
2. crystals soft and somewhat plastic.
3 buffer power supply.
4.-soluble in organic solvents.
5. tracking systems, low crystalline regularity.
Crystallography
• Crystal: Crystal homogeneous solid body surrounded by flat surfaces and arranged in a systematic manner known facets Faces. And each crystal body Habit different from the other.
• Some crystals consists of a group of similar-faceted and others consists of two or more of these aspects similar.
• a group of similar-faceted is what is known as Form.
• crystal consisting of one form known as the crystal Statistics The crystal consisting of more than one form known as the crystal composites.
• knows symmetry in crystals proportion to the following elements:
1. level of symmetry which is the level at which the crystal is divided into two halves identical.
2 axis of symmetry which is imaginary line passing through the status of the crystal, which if managed full cycle around the crystal 360 to repeat the situation more than once.
3 Center for the crystal symmetry and be identical around its center.
• crystals divided into 32 species differ from each other in the elements of a similar nature.
• crystals also divided into seven systems, each system differs from the other interlocutor in crystalline and what distinguishes it from similar elements.
Almkobei system and crystallized in this species many minerals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, platinum and halite and galena and metals group garnet.
System trapezium and crystallized in this superfamily are some important minerals such as zircon and rutile and Alcalcopayrit.
System for pistols and crystallized in this superfamily are some important minerals such as Alberal and Alaptaat.
System and the triangular shape in this species group calcite plus other minerals such as corundum and Alheimtayt.
Rhomboid-based system and crystallized in this species of many minerals such as olivine and Alparat.
Monoclinic system and crystallized in this species a lot of the most important minerals from the gypsum and Aloortokles and augite and Alhorpellnd and Almscovaat.
Tri-system and the tendency to take shape in this species a lot of minerals such as group Albulajioklizzat (byte Anorthaat) and Almikrokhlin.
The crystalline structure of metals
• contain metal on the orderly rows of atoms chemically interconnected to form a crystalline structure certain.
• Some elements can combine with each other more than one way so it can exist in two different properties miners, but they disagree completely on the chemical composition) have the same chemical composition (.
• called minerals of this type minerals multi-format Examples of these minerals graphite and diamond which are formed from carbon, despite their differences in severe image.
Physical properties of metals
1 optical properties
2 properties cohesion
3 organoleptic characteristics
4 Specific gravity
5 other properties
• optical properties are several recipes rely mainly on the reflection or absorption of light on the metal surface, such as color and Almkhaddh and sparkle and transparency.
• characteristics of cohesion is a set of attributes depends mainly on the amount and how cohesion molecules and metal atoms such as hardness and schizophrenia and crushed.
• organoleptic characteristics and are several recipes rely on the human senses such as smell, texture and taste.
Optical properties
Color
The color of the natural qualities that help in the identification of minerals.
Color of two types:
It is a hard color, which depends on the overall structure of the metal (for example, the red color of copper, green Mlakit, yellow gold).
Copper Gold
Dakhil, a color which depends on the presence and spread of some exotic colored materials, whether in the form of impurities in the metal or Moktnvat. Valkuartz, for example, be colorless and also have a violet color (Amathist Amethyst) when it contains traces of titanium Ti.
Color is attributed to the ability of any metal so the metal to absorb some of the components of the normal white light and distracting others. Vmaden sulfur, for example, seems to yellow in color because it reflects the rays of the yellow group constituent colors of white light.
Almkhaddh
• Almkhaddh a color metal powder which can be obtained by rubbing the metal.
• metals with metallic sparkle her Mkhaddh usually dark in color (dark) The minerals sparkle Allavzay Mkhaddh light colored or white.
• Almkhaddh recipe greater usefulness when differentiating between minerals with metallic luster.
Characteristics cohesion
1 hardness (hardness) Hardness is a strength of the resistance of the metal scratch. It has been suggested the world Austrian Frederick Mohs Mohs scale of hardness using ten minerals arranged on a fixed ten degrees (10 1) characterize the degree of each of them a certain degree of hardness of metal.
1 2 gypsum talc calcite 3 4 5 fluorite Alabtaat Aloortokles 6 7 8 topaz quartz corundum 9 10 diamonds
2 schizophrenia (cracking) cleavage is a vulnerability because the metals are separated at certain levels regularly and parallel levels and called schizophrenia. And be a dichotomy depending perfection and ease of two types:
A dichotomy of good (or clear) such as schizophrenia metal Almscovaat.
B dichotomy is good.
Dichotomy of good in metal Almeskuvi muscovite
Produces a dichotomy of how atoms and compaction force interdependence and trends in the levels associated with schizophrenia closely to build atomic crystallizing metal.
Represent levels of schizophrenia directions in which the atomic bonds are relatively weak and therefore easy Anfsamha.
Floraat (4 levels) Calcite (3 levels), feldspar (two levels, literature)
3 crushed, which is a figure that appears on the surface of the metal from breaking industrial trends other than those in which the metal inextricably appears broken on several forms, including:
1 crushed oyster where curved lines appear on the surface of the metal-like growth lines in the shell, for example, the flint.
2 crushed dentate where projections appear on the surface of the metal, for example, copper.
3 crushed level and it seems like the level of the surface galena.
Level 4 is broken and is more common metals Mkasr.
Sensory characteristics
1 Smell: Some metals have a special smell and distinctive especially when exposed to friction or heating.
2 taste (taste): Some minerals have a distinctive taste to be recognizable when dissolved in a little water or n in the saliva of the mouth.
3 texture: It is what it feels like when you eat the sample or touched by hand, some minerals have a smooth texture and some of its coarse texture and some of them have a soapy feel.
Specific gravity Specific Gravity
• Specific gravity is a ratio Ben mass of metal and body mass equal parts of water at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius.
• This is the most important characteristic of the natural qualities of metals.
• metallic minerals generally heavier than non-metallic minerals.
Mild 2-2.5 / g / cm 3 graphite
Average 2.6 to 3.5 / g / cm 3 Calcite, Quartz
Heavy 4.5 to 6 / g / cm 3 Parat
Very heavy more than 6 / g / cm 3 Galena
Other properties:
Magnetic qualities
Many of the metals have different magnetic properties with which to distinguish between those minerals using magnetic separation devices.
Electrical characteristics
Some minerals are described as good electrical conductivity, such as gold, silver, copper and most metals sulphides where these metals are gaining electrical discharges when exposed to friction. The silicate minerals are poor electrical conductivity.
Radioactivity
Characterized by the launch of some minerals characteristic radiation particles and volatile as a result of the decomposition of the self-atoms. The potassium from the elements with atomic radiation is weak while enrichment of elements with strong radiation can be detected with this private property such as Geiger counters, Geiger counters.
Fusion
This feature helps to identify the minerals, where the majority of metals have a melting point of pure fixed if, for example Valblatyn melts at a temperature of 1755 degrees and gold at the 1062 m, while silver fused at a temperature of 960 m.
Solubility in water
Halite Halite metals and several other metals are soluble in ordinary water or in other acidic solutions .. For example, we find that the mineral calcite Calcite dissolves in cold dilute solution of hydrochloric acid.
General classification of metals
Minerals can be classified (in terms of their importance in the naming of the different rock) into two groups:
1 Essential basic metals that are a greater percentage of the size of the rock, which is also the name of that control in the rock and show it.
2 additional metals Accessory namely that there is a small percentage (less than 10% of the volume of the rock) and has no significance in the naming of the rock.
Can also be classified minerals (in terms of the condition, which appear in the rock) into two groups:
1 Preliminary Primary metals, which are found on a bench, which was formed out without undergone any change or transformation.
2 Secondary secondary metals in minerals that resulted from the transformation or the decomposition of the metal to another metal.
It can also rated well in terms of minerals chemical composition, and this classification is most commonly known as the classification of metals Dana Dana s Classification and by this category can be divided into the following groups metals:
1 group metals racism Free Native Element Group, a metals that exist as elements of a free non-united with others in nature, such as gold and silver Au Ag Cu and copper, which are commonly found in volcanic rocks. The diamond C Viblor of magma under high levels of pressure and temperature, and there are other examples.
2 group metal oxides Oxide Minerals Group Among the most famous of these oxides silicon oxide SiO2 or metal quartz is more oxides widespread in nature and there are other oxides many spread in nature, such as iron oxides such as metal Almjnetayt Fe3O4 Magnetite (see picture below) which is black in color and metal Hematite Hematite Fe2O3 and color and gray metal Djiotheit Goethite FeO. (OH), a yellow color.
There are other examples of metal oxides such as corundum Corundum (Al2O 3) and Alspinl Spinel (MgAl2O4).
Group 3 sulfate minerals Sulphate Minerals Group which is a metal often formed above the Earth's surface by aqueous solutions which combine elements with sulfate is the most important mineral gypsum Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), which is a calcium sulphate mineral water while anhydrite Anhydrite (CaSO4) does not contain examples include water on the metal also Alparat Barite (BaSO4).
Parat Gypsum
4 group metals Phosphate Phosphate Minerals Group, a sedimentary organic metals and metal most famously Alabtaat ApatiteCa5 (PO4) 3F.
5 group metals sulphides Sulfide Minerals Group, a minerals which consist of sulfur as a result of union with other elements Examples include Ambassaleraat Sphalerite (ZnS) and galena Galena (PbS) and pyrite Pyrite (FeS) and Alcalkobayraat Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).
Galena pyrite chalcopyrite
6 group metal halides Halide Minerals Group, a metals as a result of which consists of the Federation of fluorine or chlorine or bromine or iodine with other elements, and the most famous salt Halite (NaCl) and fluorite Flourite (CaF2).
Halite Salt Floraat
7 group of carbonate minerals Carbonate Minerals Group, a mineral consisting of carbonates as a result of union with other elements is the most prevalent mineral calcite Calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite Dolomite ((CaMg (CO3) 2)).
Calcite
8 group of silicate minerals Silicate Minerals Group and formed these minerals approximately 90% of the earth's crust, and in these metals associated elements are basic structural unit Ttrahedra (tetrahedron) silica SiO4. And this group can be divided into the following types based on the method and arrangement of these Altaatrahidarat:
Silicate Alttrahedra individual (Nezossellkat Nesosilicate)
And the associated silicate Alttrahedra metal divalent ions such as iron, magnesium, where the ratio of silicon to oxygen 4: 1 Examples include metal olefin Olivine (Mg.Fe) 2SiO4 and zircon Zircon (ZrSiO4).
Polyolefin CZ
Silicate Alttrahedra double (Sorossellkat Sorosilicate)
The two of them share the silicate Alttrahedra (quartets faceted) oxygen atom to give us Iona (Si2O7) Examples include metal Alabidot Epidote.
Silicate Alttrahedra ringed (Sichaelossellkat Cyclosilicate)
And which is linked to three or four or six quartets faceted by sharing 346 oxygen atoms to be a loop and the ratio of silicon to oxygen 3: 1 Examples include metal Beryl Beryl.
Be3Al2Si6O18
Silicate Alttrahedra serial (Aanossellkat Inosilicate)
And where is the link between the units silicate Alttrahedra in the form of a series of non-specific extension may be a series of individual Single chain or double chain Double chain in the first the ratio of silicon to oxygen 3: 1 Examples include group pyroxene As in the series of double Vtkon ratio of silicon to oxygen-11: 4 and examples of the amphibole group.
Monographic series Beroudi (Ojat (
Double chain amphibole (Hornpellnd)
Silicate Alttrahedra laminate (Velocelikat Phyllosilicate)
Is a link units silica Ttrahedra (quartets faceted) by sharing three oxygen atoms with its neighboring units and extends in both directions composed plate is flat and endless stretches where the ratio of silicon to oxygen 5: 2 Examples include mica group.
Flat plate Biotit Biotite Muscovite Muscovite
Silicate Alttrahedra retina (Tktossellkat Tectosilicate)
Is a link units silica Ttrahedra by sharing the oxygen atoms of the four to be our three-dimensional network in all directions. Examples include quartz, feldspars group (potassium feldspar and plagioclase) and a group Filspathwaidat (Alinvlin and Allosaat).
